Salimullah Khan, Writter. A comprehensive story of evolution of Bengali Literature

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RmxgD``xb I RvZxq  mvwnZ¨

 mwjgyj­vn Lvb

  G‡`‡ki mvwnZ¨ ïaygvÎ wn›`yi mvwnZ¨ nB‡e bv, c„_K Kwiqv gymjgv‡bi mvwnZ¨I nB‡e bv| wn›`y gymjgvb GK fvlvq K_v e‡j ewjqv G †`‡ki mvwnZ¨ nB‡e wn›`y-gymjgv‡bi mvwnZ¨| hvunviv c„_K Kwiqv mvwnZ¨ iPbv Kwi‡eb Zvunviv †ekx w`b wUwK‡eb ewjqv g‡b nq bv| KviY mvwn‡Z¨i †h mve©RbxbZv RMZ‡K AvKl©Y K‡i †mB ¯’v‡b †Kvb mv¤cÖ`vwqK g‡be„wË cÖ‡ek jvf Kwi‡Z cv‡i bv|

(RmxgD``xb [1964] 1976: 184)

The medieval night had already set in when Bengali was born, and it did not end until the nineteenth century. For over a thousand years the Indian intellect slumbered, and produced no new thought or knowledge, no system of science or philosophy.

          (Ghosh [1948]1976:22)

I am supposing that in every society the production of discourse is at once controlled, selected, organised and redistributed according to a certain number of procedures, whose role is to avert its powers and its dangers, to cope with chance events, to evade its ponderous, awesome materiality.

(Foucault [1970] 1972:216)I

ÔRmxgDÏx‡bi evsjvÕ bvgK †jLvq Avgiv `vwe K‡iwQ RmxgDÏx‡bi evsjv Aaybv Kv‡ji ÔLvuwU evsjvÕi bgybv | (mwjgyj­vn 2003) eZ©gvb †jLvq GB `vwei c‡¶ Av‡iv wKQy AvjvgZ nvwRi Ki‡Z PvB| Avgv‡`i GB `vwe hw` wKQy cwigv‡YI mv”Pv nq, †Zv Ôcivaxb hy‡Mi Av‡MKviÕ A‡_© cyivbv evsjv iPbvq Gi wbkvbv wKQy bv wKQy _vK‡e| cyivbv evsjv‡KI RmxgDÏxb ÔLvuwU evsjvÕ Ávb K‡i‡Qb| civaxb hy‡Mi evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ wK wK gybvdv n‡q‡Q Zvi ZvwjKv MZ cÂvk eQ‡ii cyw_c‡Î mwe¯—vi cvIqv hvq| RmxgD``xb G hy‡Mi ¶q¶wZiI GKUv mvaviY wnmve wb‡q‡Qb| Amvgvb¨ ‡mB mvgvb¨ ¶wZ | GB wnmve, GK wnmv‡e, evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i  BwZnv‡m bZzb wePvibxwZ Avwe®‹v‡ii m¤§vb `vwe Ki‡Z cv‡i |

eZ©gvb  hy‡Mi evsjv mvwnZ¨ - Aš—Zt f`ª‡jv‡Ki †Pv‡L - f`ª I †jvK GB `yB mvwn‡Z¨ wef³| BsivR I BsivRx fvehy‡Mi  mvwnZ¨‡K f`ªmvwnZ¨ a‡i wb‡j evwK me wKQyB †jvKmvwnZ¨ n‡q hvq| BsivR hy‡Mi Av‡Mi mvwnZ¨I GB wnmv‡e †jvKmvwnZ¨ c`evP¨| RmxgD``xb `vwe K‡i‡Qb GB †jvKmvwnZ¨B evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq mvwnZ¨| RmxgD``xb‡K cj­xKwe †LZve whwbB w`‡q _vKzb bv fvjB ‡_‡K‡Qb| m‡½ A_©UvI hw` K‡i w`‡Zb Av‡iv fvj _vK‡Zb| Rmxg g‡b K‡ib bv wZwb cj­xKweZv Ki‡Qb| g‡b K‡ib wZwb Ki‡Qb RvZxq mvwnZ¨| f`ª‡jvKiv Zv gv‡bb bv| RmxgD``xb c‡_i wePvi g‡Z civaxb evsjv†`‡ki civkªqx weËevb †kªYxi ‡jLv mvwnZ¨ †gv‡Ui Ici weRvZxq mvwnZ¨| G e¯‘ - ejv hvK - GK RvZxq Abyev` mvwnZ¨B| wek¦wekÖyZ Kwe iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii †jLvcÎI f`ª †Mv‡ÎiB iPbv| ‡`‡ki gvby‡li m‡½ GB wbwðš— mvwn‡Z¨i †hvM ej‡Z bvB | GB mvwnZ¨ bxi³, wb®cÖÖvY, wgQv mvwnZ¨| RmxgD``x‡bi GB cÖ¯—ve cix¶v Avgv‡`i cÖv_©bxq| evsjv iPbvi eZ©gvb msKU eyS‡Z hvuiv AvMÖnx, Avgv‡`i Avkv, RmxgD``x‡bi c_ ai‡Z Zvuiv Lye †`wi Ki‡eb bv|

BwZnvmiwmK m¨vi h`ybv_ miKv‡ii g‡Zv gbxlx wnmve K‡l e‡jwQ‡jb, evsjv‡`‡k AvaywbK hy†Mi Avi¤¢ Bs‡iRx mb 1757, Ryb gv‡mi 23 ZvwiL, weKvj †cŠ‡Y cvuPUvq| †mB hy‡Mi †kl GLbI nq‡Zv nq bvB| GB hyM†k‡li GK Ávbxcyiƒl e‡jb: evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i Rb¥ ga¨hy‡Mi GK AÜKvi N‡i| Zvi †hŠebI GB KvivMv‡iB Kv‡U| Dwbk kZK ZK GB ivZ Kv‡U bvB| (†Nvl 1976:20, 22) evsjv f`ªmvwn‡Z¨i wm× BwZnvmKvi †R wm †Nv‡li g‡Z, Bs‡iR iv‡Ri Av‡MKvi evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i BwZnvm †Kej ΓwU Avi ΓwU Avi `ye©jZvi BwZnvm | fv‡M¨i K_v evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ †MŠie Kivi g‡Zv wKQy hw` N‡U _v‡K Zv BsivR hy‡Mi `vb| G hy‡Mi †`Šj‡ZB evsjv fvi‡Zi †kªô AvaywbK mvwn‡Z¨i c` AjsK…Z Ki‡Q| `ywbqvi hZ wØZxq mvwii mvwnZ¨ Zvi gvnwd‡j GKUv DuPz VvuB K‡iI wb‡q‡Q †m| n‡q‡Q `ywbqvi gv‡b B‡qv‡iv‡ci wØZxq †kªYxi cÖ_g mvwnZ¨Zzj¨| (†Nvl 1976: 25)

     ‡h †m cwÛZ bb †R wm †Nvl| Zvui gZvbymvixi `j (Avgvi AvksKv) GgbwK AvRI       hyw³e‡j bv ‡nvK a‡bR‡b fvwi| Avwg mva¨vbymv‡i †Nvl gnvk‡qi wek¦¯’ Abyev` K‡iwQ|  ˆmq` Avjx Avnmvb cÖgyL BwZnvm †jLKI cvK Rgvbvq GB Rei`¯— †Nv†li evsjv ZR©gv  ‡ebv‡g K‡iwQ‡jb|  GKUz c‡iB Avgiv †`LwQ RmxgD``x‡bi gZvgZ †Nvl gkv‡qi cÖvÄj wecixZ | evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i BwZnvm wel‡q †Nvl gnvkq hw` evsjv civaxb mvwn‡Z¨i Mv_vKvi  †Zv RmxgD``xb RvZxq mvwn‡Z¨i bv›`xKvi | RvZxq mvwnZ¨ gv‡b RmxgD``xb hv ey‡S‡Qb mK‡j †mUv †ev‡Sb bvB| GKUz wek` bv Kwi †Zv G Av‡jvPbv AvKvg Kzmyg n‡e|

     ÕmgMÖ ev½vwji DbœwZ bv nB‡j †`‡ki †Kvb g½j bvB|Õ G g‡Zi cÖe³v ew¼gP†›`ªi g‡Z, †h K_v †`‡ki mKj †jvK ey‡S bv, ev ky‡b bv, †m K_vq mvgvwRK we‡kl †Kvb DbœwZi m¤¢vebv bvB| Õ G K_v K…Zwe`¨ ev½vwjiv †Kb †h ey‡Sb bvÕ, ew¼gP›`ª Avnv mijwP‡Ë ¯^xKvi K‡ib, ÕZvnv ewj‡Z cvwi bv|Õ (L‡M›`ªbv_ 2001:24) iex›`ªhy‡Mi Zviv m¨vi Avï‡Zvl gy‡Lvcva¨vqI GKwU weeªZKi n‡jI AÁvq mZ¨ ej‡Z †c‡iwQ‡jb| †h fvlv GLb evsjv bv‡g cwiwPZ ZvI GKw`b Rbmvavi‡Yi Avcb fvlv wQj bv, Zv‡K M‡owc‡V †bIqv n‡q‡Q gvÎ| m¨vi Avï‡Zvl K‡nb: ÓcÖK…Zc‡¶ hvnv‡`i jBqv e½‡`k, hvnvw`M‡K ev` w`‡j ev½vjv †`‡ki cÖvq mg¯—B ev` c‡o, †mB e‡½I Avcvgi-mvavi‡Yi g‡a¨ e½fvlvi Av`i KZUv wQj? GKcÖKvi wQj bv ewj‡jI AZ¨yw³ nq bv| K…wËevm-Kvkx`vm e¨ZxZ Aci KqRb e½mvwnZ¨i‡_i bvg e‡½i Rbmvavi‡Yi g‡a¨ mycwiwPZ?Ó (Avï‡Zvl 1995: 84)

     Avï‡Zvl gy‡Lvcva¨vq Wvnv AvnŸvb Rvbvb: ÓRvZxqZv-MVb Kwi‡Z nB‡j RvZxq mvwnZ¨-MVb mev©‡MÖ Avek¨K|Ó wKš‘ Avïeveyi ev½vwj wK wRwbk? Zvui ev½vwj GLb GKUv Mvwji gZb †kvbv‡ZB cv‡i: ev½vwj fvi‡Zi GK ÕcÖvPxb gnves‡kiÕ, ev½vwj cÖKvk ÕcÖvPxb Avh¨©RvwZiÕ ÕfMœvskÕ| (Avï‡Zvl 1995: 85, 83) †`‡ki msÁv RvwZi GK ¯—¤¢| Avï‡Zv‡li †`k ÓwngvPj †h †`‡ki ce©Z, Rvýex-hgybv †h †`‡ki cÖevwnYx, mvg †h †`‡ki m½xZ, ivgvqY-gnvfviZ †h †`‡ki BwZnvmÓ, †mB †`kB| ag©fve ev Dc‡`k QvovI RvwZ Mov nq bv| Avky‡Zv‡li Dc‡`k: Õa¤§©fve wn›`y RvwZi cÖavb j¶¨ wQj, a¤§©fve†KB †Zvgvi eZ©gvb RvZxqZviI cÖavb j¶¨ Ki|Õ(Avï‡Zvl 1995: 95) 

GB RvZxqZv cÖPv‡ii GKgvÎ Dcvq gvZ…fvlv| †h evsjv fvlv gywV‡Z gvcv mgv‡R AvUK wQj †m fvlv AwZ w¶cÖMwZ‡Z Õev½vjvi mKj m¤cÖ`v‡qi g‡a¨ cÖmvi jvf Kwi‡Z‡QÕ †`‡L Avïeveyi D‡ØM, ÓGB mg‡q fvlv hvnv‡Z mshZ-Pi‡Y P‡j, hvnv‡Z D”Q„•Lj bv nq, †m c‡¶ e‡½i RvZxq Rxe‡bi D‡Øvab-KË©v‡`i we‡kl `„wó ivwL‡Z nB‡e|Ó (Avï‡Zvl 1995:85) ew¼‡gi K…Zwe`¨ ev½vwjiv ev‡` e‡½i RvZxq Rxe‡bi D‡Øvab-KË©v Avevi Kviv? Zvu‡`i GB we‡kl `„wóiB Aci bvg †kªYx msMÖvg | Avï‡Zvlevey †h RvZxqZvi KoPv wj‡L‡Qb Zvi we‡kl `„wói Kvi‡Y e½‡`‡ki Avh©RvwZi fMœvskwU m¤cÖ`vq msMÖv‡gi AÁv MÖnY K‡i|

BD‡iv‡ci `k©b e¨emvqx wg‡kj dzKi K_v Dc‡I Avgiv bKj K‡iwQ| wZwb g‡b K‡ib: fvlvmvwn‡Z¨i kw³ Av‡Q, ej Av‡Q, Avc` wec` Av‡Q, mvwnZ¨ A‡bK NUb ANUbI NUv‡Z cv‡i| fvlvmvwn‡Z¨i mZ¨e¯‘ †f‡e †`Lvi, fq cvIqvi wRwbk| GB kw³, GB Avc` wec` NUb ANUb †gvKv‡ejvi D‡Ï‡k¨ mKj mgvRB fvlvmvwnZ¨ m„wói m‡½ m‡½B wKQy wKQy †KŠkj Abymv‡i nv‡Z bv‡Z ‡cvlv, evQv, †MvQMvQ K‡i Avi †X‡j mvRvq| Avgiv †`Le evsjv fvlvmvwn‡Z¨i ‡fZ‡ii m¤cÖ`vq msMÖvgI G mKj Kjv‡KŠk‡ji evB‡i bq|

1

     ‡m Kv‡ji KwjKvZv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi ivgZby jvwnox Aa¨vcK ivq evnv`yi L‡M›`ªbv_ wgÎ 1936 m‡b e½-mvwn‡Z¨i iPbvbxwZ  bv‡g GKwU †jLv cÖPvi K‡ib | nicÖmv` kv¯¿xi bvg bv _vK‡jI Zvui `vwei mg_©b GB †jLvq Av‡Q| L‡M›`ªbv_ RmxgD``xb‡K wPb‡Zb | Zvu‡K GKwU cwiPqcÎI  w`‡qwQ‡jb wZwb| wbR Rev‡b kv¯¿xi g‡ZvB wj‡L‡Qb L‡Mbevey: Òhuvnviv evsjv M`¨ mvwn‡Z¨i mªóv Zuvnviv c~‡e©Kvi evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i mwnZ mycwiwPZ wQ‡jb ewjqv †eva nq bv| Avgv‡`i M`¨ mvwnZ¨ bv _vKzK, c`¨ mvwnZ¨ wbZvš— `wi`ª wQj bv| ivgvqY, gnvfviZ, ‰eòe Kwe‡`i KweZv, gbmv Kve¨, PÛxg½j cÖf„wZi mwnZ †h Bunviv mycwiwPZ wQ‡jb, Zvnv g‡b nq bv| KviY †mB Kve¨ mvwnZ¨ cvV Kwi‡j wbðqB Zvunviv fve cÖKv‡ki A‡bK Dcv`vb Zvnv‡Z cvB‡Zb| ˆeòe mvwnZ¨ ms¯‹…‡Zi Dci cÖwZwôZ nB‡jI Bnv‡Z ev½jv iPbvixwZi cwiPq h‡_ó we`¨gvb |Ó

                “iƒc jvwM AuvwL Sz‡i ¸‡Y g‡bv‡fvi|

                cÖwZ A½ jvwM Kuv‡` cÖwZ A½ †gvi \

A_ev Ñ

           civY eua~‡K                          ¯^c‡b †`wLjyu

                     ewm‡q wkqi cv‡k|

           bvmvi †emi                      cik Kwiqv

                     Clr gayi nv‡m \

ÒGB mKj c‡`i mwnZ cwiPq _vwK‡jÓÑ ivq evnv`yi m‡¶v‡f wjL‡QbÑ Òg„Z¨yÄq ZK©vj¼v‡ii ev½jv, ivg‡gvnb iv‡qi ev½jv, A¶q `‡Ëi fvlv Hiƒc nB‡Z cvwiZ wKbv m‡›`n|Ó (L‡M›`ªbv_ 2001: 25) Hiƒc gv‡b?  L‡MbRxi wnmve g‡Z: Òevsjv M`¨ hLb Avi¤¢ nBj, ZLb Zvnv‡Z ms¯‹…‡Zi cÖfve eo †ekx K‡i †`Lv w`j| ZvivksK‡ii Kv`¤^ix GB ‡kªYxi †jLvi cÖK…ó `„óvš—| Zuvnvi mvØ©MRe¨vcx mgv‡mi NbNUv Kv`¤^ixi ms¯‹„Z iƒ‡ciB cÖwZ”Qwe| Kv`¤^ixi †gNgš¿aŸwb AbyK…Z nBj e‡U, wKš‘ ev½jv fvlv c½y nBqv cwoj| we`¨vmvMi gnvkq gnvfvi‡Zi †h Abyev` K‡ib, Zvnv‡ZI ms¯‹…Z iPbvi Avo¤^i jw¶Z nq| Zuvnvi mxZvi ebevm A‡c¶vK…Z mij nB‡jI ÔAcZ¨ wbwe©Ÿ‡k‡l cÖRvcvjbÕ cÖf„wZ iPbvixwZ cwinvi Kwi‡Z cv‡ib bvB| A¶qKzgvi `Ë mvay fvlvi GKRb AbyivMx †meK| Zuvnvi PviƒcvV †h AZ¨waK ms¯‹…Z‡Nlv Zvnv ¯^xKvi Kwi‡ZB nB‡e| ‡m mg‡q mvay fvlvqB wkó iPbv Kwievi †Póv nBZ Ges †m mvay fvlv ms¯‹…‡Zi A‡¼B cvwjZ|Ó (L‡M›`ªbv_ 2001: 24) gš¿`ªóv ew¼gP›`ªi g‡Zv FwlI ms¯‹…Z Qvov P‡jb bvB| L‡Mbeveyi mZ¨ mv¶¨: ÒZuvnvi mycÖwm× ¯^‡`kgš¿ ev gvZ…f~wgi e›`bv Ôe‡›` gvZigÕ ms¯‹…‡Zi gyLeÜ jBqv D”PvwiZ nBqvwQj| Bnvi GKwU we‡kl myweav nBqv‡Q GB †h, fviZe‡l©i mg¯— cÖ‡`‡k Bnv mv`‡i M„nxZ nBqv‡Q wKš‘ ev½vjv Mv‡bi ms¯‹…Z f~wgKv GB ‡h wewPÎ iPbv wb`k©b, BnvI †mB ms¯‹…ZcÖxwZi dj|Ó (L‡M›`ªbv_ 2001 : 24) K_v †djbv bq|

Z‡e L‡Mbeveyi wePv‡i wKQy fyjPzKI Av‡Q | we‡kl ejv hvK, ivg‡gvnb iv‡qi evsjv L‡MbRx hZUv Lvivc g‡b K‡i‡Qb, Avgiv ‡Zv ZZUv Lvivc cvB bvB| ivg‡gvnb †_‡K L‡MbRx †h Ask Zz‡j‡Qb, Zv‡Z Awe`¨vi A‡Xj cªgvY| †`IqvbRxi †jLv M`¨ BwZhwZ‡hv‡M co‡j evsjvB | L‡Mbevey AKviY P‡U‡Qb †`IqvbRxi Ici| Ò†`IqvbRx R‡ji g‡Zv evsjv †j‡LbÓ, cÖKvk G K_v KweZvKvi Ck¦iP›`ª ¸ßi| evsjv ms¯‹…‡Zi kã †Xi wM‡j‡Q Z‡e Zvi Pvj ms¯‹…‡Zi bq, G m‡Z¨ ivg‡gvn†bi †Kvb mskq wQj bv| mv¶x †MŠoxq e¨vKiY| (ivg‡gvnb 1364: 7g LÛ) wgwËigkvB †Kb nicÖmv` iv‡M Mvb ai‡jb wKš‘ †kl Ki‡jb Avï‡Zv‡l ‡m K_v AvR bq| †m Ab¨Zš¿|

     ev½jv M`¨mvwn‡Z¨i eË©gvb (gv‡b 1936 ‡mvcv‡bi) iƒc eswKgP›`ªB w`‡q‡Qb, L‡M›`ªbv_ wg‡Îi G K_v wgQv bq| wZwb mZ¨ a‡i‡Qb, ÒeswKgP‡›`ªi evsjvq iPbvi GK gayi Q›`Ó Av‡Q| Gi KviY ‰eòe mvwn‡Z¨ Zvui AwfÁZv| wKš‘ †Lv` ew¼g g‡b K‡ib Zvui Avcb K…wZ‡Z¡i ‡Mvovq  evey c¨vixPuv` wgÎ | welbœ ew¼‡gi g‡Z Avjv‡ji N‡ii `yjvjB cª_g cªgvY K‡i RvZxq fvlvq MÖš’ iPbv Kiv hvq Ges †m iPbv my›`i I `‡ki ü`qMÖvnx nq| mvwn‡Z¨i  cÖK„Z Dcv`vb Avgv‡`i N‡iB Av‡Q, Zvi jvwM wK Bs‡iwR wK ms¯‹…Z Kv‡iv N‡i wf¶vi `iKvi bvB, ew¼‡gi wePv‡i GUvI c¨vixPvu‡`iB Avwe®‹vi|

GB ch©š— L‡Mbeveyi e³e¨ GB cyiv‡bv m‡Z¨iB bexb Avwe®‹vi | bZzb K_vI GK VvuB wZwb ‡kvbv‡jb | ‡XvK wM‡j ej‡jb, iex›`ªbv‡_i M†`¨I Avkv cyiv‡jv bv, evmbv Ac~Y© iB†jv| wgwËigkvB K‡nb:  ÒDcb¨vm I KweZv hw` fvlvi meLvwb nBZ, Zvnv nB‡j K_v wQj bv|Ó iex›`ªbv_ ms¯‹…ZMÜx fvlvi c¶cvZx b‡nb, wgwËigkvBi GB `vIqv mv”Pv n‡j fv‡jvB n‡Zv| ÒcÖ‡qvRb gZ ms¯‹…‡Zi Kve¨Kvb‡b cÖ‡ek Kwiqv ARmª Kzmyg ZzwjqvÓ evM‡`exi c~Rv Kiv GK wRwbk, e›`‡ii gZb Pvjy K_vi ¯’‡j †cvZvkªq Rvwi Kiv Avi | G cÖm½ Gwo‡q †M‡Qb L‡Mbevey|

1920 ciKv‡j iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii ms¯‹…ZevB Nvo Pvov w`‡q D‡VwQj|  iex›`ªbv_I ZZw`‡b evsjv‡K Av‡iKevi ms¯‹…Zcv‡b †divevi iYcY K†i‡Qb| (‡`Lyb, iex›`ªbv_ 1391) nicªmv‡`i eywj‡Z ejv P‡j ÕM½v‡K Avevi wngvj‡qi w`‡K PvjvBevi †PóvÕ Ki†jb | KviY? civaxb evsjvi ms¯‹…ZevB D‡VwQj civaxb †`‡ki GwjU‡Mvôxi GwjUevBi Kvi‡Y| evsjvi RvZxq fvlvq †divI, Rvbv fv‡jv, RvwZ†`eZvi cÖmv‡`B| L‡Mbeveyi Bkviv: Òhvunviv †`‡ki Kj¨v‡Yi Rb¨ RbM‡Yi RvMiY Acwinvh© ewjqv g‡b Kwi‡jb, Zuvnviv gvZ…fvlv‡K Avkªq Kwi‡Z eva¨ nB‡jb| Av‡M Ks‡MÖm Kbdv‡iÝ cÖf„wZ Bs‡iRxi Pvj bwn‡j PwjZ bv| hvnviv Bs‡iRx‡Z fvj wjwL‡Z ev ewj‡Z cvwi‡Zb, GB mKj mfvq ZvnvivB Rqgvj¨ jvf Kwi‡Zb | Avgv‡`i cvV¨ve¯’vq mfv-mwgwZ‡Z KLbI evsjv e³…Zv ïwbqvwQ ewjqv g‡b c‡o bv|  ... Avgv‡`i evj¨Kv‡j hvnviv e³…Zv w`‡Zb, Zuvnviv Bs‡iR‡KI j¾v w`‡Zb| wKš‘ GB fv‡ei cwieZ©b nBj ¯^v‡`wkKZvi hy‡M| ZLb †bZviv eywS‡jb †h Bs‡iwRi DcKvwiZv hZB _vK, gvZ„fvlv bv nB‡j wecyj MYms‡Ni gb mvov w`‡ebv|Ó (L‡M›`ªbv_ 2001: 27)

¯^‡`kx hy‡Mi cÖ_g †ZR †K‡U hvIqvi ci evsjvi g‡a¨ KwVb ms¯‹…Z †XvKvevi †Póv bZzb K‡i †`Lv w`j| †Kb ? wgwËi gkvB Gi DËi †`b bvB| Z‡e GB DËiI ivRbxwZ‡ZB Av‡Q | G ivRbxwZ wecyj MYms‡Ni gb Kvovi ivRbxwZ bq| ¶z`ª ‡Mvôxi cÖwZcwË eRvq ivLvi `vmbxwZ| Gi Rb¨B †f`eyw×i `iKvi| L‡M›`ªbv_ GB wPš—vq RmxgDÏx‡biI I¯—v`| ¯^‡`kx hy‡M evsjvi cªmvi †h mvgvwRK Kvi‡Y †e‡owQj, mv¤cÖ`vwqK evu‡Uvqvivi giv KvUv‡ji hy‡MI †mB Avqbv Kvi‡YB Zv KzP‡K Av‡m| evsjvi eY©wn›`y Gwj‡Ui †mw`b †KvP‡bB Avb›`| Rwg`vwi e‡›`ve‡¯—i †kl AwaKvi a‡i ivLevi GB  BwZnv‡m fvlv‡K nvwZqvi Ki‡Z eva‡e †Kb? eY© I ag©  joKv gnvcyi“l‡`i ivRbxwZ Av‡Q, G mZ¨ AvRI Avgv‡`i Rvbv-ARvbv |

evsjvq AKviY ms¯‹…Z Pvov †`evi wØZxq hy‡M Avgiv GLbI evm Kwi| evsjv evK¨ GLb eis gv‡S gv‡S †PbvI gykwK‡ji ¯’j| KviY GKjv ms¯‹…Zwejvm bq | G gvgjv Bs‡iwRqvb evsjviI dmj| Bs‡iwRqvbv bZzb wRwbm bq| wKš‘ ms®K…Zwejv‡mi ivRbxwZwU wK wRwbm? D`vniY cv‡ki †`k fviZ †_‡K wb‡j aviYv mnR n†e g‡b nq| fvi‡Zi ivóªfvlv †`ebvMix ni‡d †jLv wnw›` wK K‡i n‡jv Zvi †cQ‡b, fvi‡Zi evOvwj wn›`yy HwZnvwmK Akxb `vk¸‡ßi K_vq, Òwelv³ mv¤cÖ`vwqKZvi BwZnvm Av‡Q|Ó

Akxbeveyi GK cÖexY †jLvq cov hvq: Òwenvi I DËi cÖ‡`‡k wnw›` Ges D`©yi SMov AvR GK‡kv eQ‡iiI †ewk cyi‡bv| G SMov wn›`y Ges gymjgv‡bi wkw¶Z ga¨we‡Ëi SMov| mvaviY gvby‡liv wnw›` Ges D`y© wgwk‡q me©Rb‡eva¨ GK wLPzwo fvlv e¨envi Ki‡Zb| gv‡S gv‡S GB fvlv‡K fviZxq †bZviv wn›`y¯’vwb e‡j‡Qb| fvlvwU Aviex ni‡d †jLv n‡j bvg nZ D`©~, †`ebvMix †Pnvivq wnw›`| Kvi“i †Kvb Amyweav wQj bv| cwÛZ gkvB‡`i Avi †gŠjwe‡`i †mUv mBj bv| we‡kl K‡i DËi fviZxq cwÛZ‡`i Zvobvq †Rvi K‡i dviwm kã mwi‡q ms¯‹…Z XywK‡q wnw›` fvlvUv‡K hZ`~i m¤¢e mvaviY PjwZ fvlvi †_‡K miv‡bv n‡Z _vKj| †mB m‡½ wRwMi †Zvjv nj mg¯— miKvwi `߇i Aviex ni‡d †jLv D`©y eÜ K‡i w`‡Z n‡e, †`ebvMix A¶‡i wnw›`B  GKgvÎ miKvwi fvlv n‡e| 1870 mv‡j  Ges Zvici †_‡KB GB SMov †kvPbxq iƒc ‡bq|Ó (Akxb 2001: 201) G †jLvi cÖKvkKvj 1969 mvj |

     ms¯‹…Z Awfgvbx wnw›`i ‡Muvovq mv¤úª`vwqK wel | †mKv‡ji RbmsN Avi G Kv‡ji fviZxq RbZv cvw©U wnw›`fvlx A‡ji wn›`ymgv‡Ri ga¨weË †kªYxi ivR‰bwZK `j| Akxbevey g‡b K‡ib, wnw›`fvlv‡K cÖavb fvlv Kivi `vwe we‡kl K‡i DËi cÖ‡`k,  ga¨ cÖ‡`k, wenvi cÖf„wZ A‡ji wn›`y ga¨weË †kªYxi cÖavb nIqvi jovB‡q GKwU nvwZqvi gvÎ| IB A‡ji gymjgvb D”PZi †kªYx¸wji m‡½ G‡`i cÖvav‡b¨i jovB eûw`‡bi| G jovB‡q Giv AvcvZZ Rqx n‡q‡Qb| wKš‘ G R‡qi †fZi fviZel©‡K ïay~ wn›`y gymjgv‡b bq, DËi-`w¶‡Y, c~e©-cwð‡g Aš—Z PvifvM Kivi e‡›`ve‡¯—i e¨e¯’vcÎI †`qv Av‡Q| AvVvi ce© Kvwnbx bv wj‡L ïa~ Zvwgj RvwZi K_v cvo‡jB nq| wnw›`qvbxi m‡½ wn›`yqvbxi †Kvb m¤úK© bvB| Zvwgjfvlx gvbylI wn›`y| A‡bK †¶‡Î A‡bK wn›`y¯’vwbi PvB‡ZI †Muvov wn›`y| †m K_v g‡b K‡i Akxbevey wj‡L‡Qb: ÒAvR‡Ki  w`‡b GKwU wn›`y `‡ji GB  wnw›` Drmvn `y‡e©va¨|Ó (Akxb 2001: 201)

      gnvZœv MvÜxi hy‡M iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii ms¯‹…Z  Drmv‡ni welqI wnw›` A‡ji wn›`y ga¨we‡Ëi ivRbxwZi e½xq ms¯‹iY ˆe bq| evsjvi  fvM¨ fvj| Zvi †`kfvM n‡q‡Q| bB‡j fvlvfvM n‡Zv| wn›`y¯—v‡b gvÎ fvlvfvM n‡jv | †`kfvM evwK Av‡Q| Akxb `vk¸ßi Revbe›`x cybð kªve¨: ÒgnvZœv MvÜx Ges cwÛZ RInijvj `yÕR‡bB mve©Rbxb wn›`y¯—vwb fvlvi f³ wQ‡jb| Zuviv g‡b K‡iwQ‡jb Aviex Ges †`ebvMix `yÕfv‡eB G fvlv †jLv Pj‡e| wn›`y Ges gymjgvb ms¯‹…wZi wgj‡b D™¢~Z GB fvlv fviZe‡l©i ivóªfvlv n‡e| ¯^vaxbZvi Av‡M ch©š— RvZxq Ks‡MÖ‡mi GB cwi®‹vi gZ wQj| wKš‘ ¯^vaxbZvi c‡iB †Muvov wn›`y‡`i Kv‡Q cwÛZwR GB gZev‡` †n‡i †M‡jb|Ó (Akxb 2001: 201) evsjv‡`‡k n‡j †bniyRxi nvi ¯^vaxbZvi Av‡MB n‡Zv| iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi‡K A‡b‡KB e‡jb wPš—vkxj †jLK| wKš‘ fvlv wk¶vq mv¤cÖ`vwqKZvi Øviv wZwbI †hfv‡e PvwjZ n‡qwQ‡jb Zv †`‡L g‡b `ytL nq| †K ej‡e  Zvui gbxlvi Kvwnbx KZK mZ¨ Avi KZK wKse`wš— ?

2

ivg‡gvnb ivq evsjvi ‰PZb¨ Avwe®‹vi K‡iwQ‡jb| c¨vixPvu` wgÎ K‡iwQ‡jb Zvi PwiZ| nicªmv` kv¯¿x Avi RmxgD``x†bi Avwe®‹vi evsjvi Ag„Z| D”P‡kªYxi ‡Mvjvgiv RmxgD`&`xb‡K cj­xKwe ivkbv‡g GKN‡i K‡i †i‡L‡Qb| GB KivI wK †mB KivB bq? f`ª‡jvK †kªYxi mvwnZ¨ RmxgD`&`xb cQ›` K‡ib bvB,  f`ª‡jvKivI ZvB †kva wb‡q‡Qb| Rmx‡gi iPbvbxwZi m‡½ GB Avwe®‹v‡ii  m~ZvwU GLv‡b ‡hvM Kiv Av‡Q| fvlvi ‡fZi wK Ac~e© wePvi†hvM!

Kwe Ave`yj Kvw`i‡K †jLv wPwVi As‡k co‡Z cvB GB †evwai Lei| civaxbZvi Ab¨vq KZLvwb, wZwb ¸i“, Rei a‡i‡Qb: ÒBs‡iR AvMg‡bi c‡i BD‡iv‡ci Zxeª gw`iv cvb K‡i Avgiv ax‡i ax‡i me †Lvqvjvg| LuvwU BD‡iv‡ci fv‡e we‡fvi n‡q ms¯‹…Z Aj¼vi I kãkv‡¯¿i cvbcv‡Î f‡i gvB‡Kj †h Kve¨im Avgv‡`i cwi‡ekb Ki‡jb, Zvui m‡½ m‡½B Zv wbt‡kl n‡q †Mj| gvB‡Kj Aek¨B evOjv fvlvq Zuvi Amvgvb¨ cÖwZfvi Rb¨ wU‡K _vK‡eb| wKš‘ Kv‡e¨i †h bZzb bvU¨g wZwb Ly‡jwQ‡jb, †hLv‡b †ng, bexb cÖf„wZ w`K&cv‡jiv Avmi Rgv‡Z †c‡iwQ‡jb, †m bvUKI Aíw`‡bB †f‡½ †Mj|Ó

RmxgD``xb K&ªvwš— †`‡Lb, KjvI we¯—vi K‡ib: ÒgvB‡K‡ji Kve¨avivwU evsjv‡`‡k wUKj bv | Zvi KviY, evsjvi gvwUi m‡½ Zvui Kv‡e¨i aviv wkKo Mo‡Z cv‡iwb| wKš‘ wenvixjv‡ji wjwi‡Ki avivwU iex›`ªbv‡_ G‡m wU‡K iBj| Gi KviY iex›`ªbv‡_i Kv‡e¨ i‡q‡Q Pvwikw³i mgvnvi, ms¯‹…Z, ˆeòe, evsjvi †jvKmsMxZ I BD‡ivcxq fveavivi GKÎ mgv‡ek| GB Rb¨ ev½vjx iex›`ªbv_‡K KZKUv MÖnY K‡i‡Q wKš‘ gay-‡ng-bex‡bi Kv‡e¨i m‡½ evsjvi gvwUi †hvM †bB| Míeyb‡bi †h avivwU PÛxg½j, gbmvg½j, ivgvqY cÖf„wZ Kv‡e¨ †hfv†e P‡jwQj, gay-‡ng-bex‡bi aviv Zvi m‡½ †Kvb †hvM iv‡Lwb| †mB Rb¨ evsjvi gvwU‡Z Zviv wkKo Mo‡Z cv‡iwb|Ó (RmxgD`&`xb 2001: 32-33) AviI GK RvqMvq Rmxg welqwU wek` K‡ib: ÒKwe K¼b gyKz›`ivg nB‡Z Avi¤¢ Kwiqv ivgcÖmv` I gvB‡Kj ch©š— evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i Kc~©icv‡Î DMÖPÛv Ki½evwnbx k¥kvb ˆfiexwbi †h ûsKviaŸwb RvMvBqv ZzwjqvwQ‡jb †ngP‡›`ª bexbP‡›`ª Avwmqv Zvnv KZKUv wgqvBqv hvq| iex›`ªbv‡_ Avwmqv Zvnv G‡Kev‡i wbt†kwlZ cv‡Î cwiYZ nq| (RmxgD`&`xb 1990: 88)

iex›`ªbv_ wel‡q mZ¨K_v ejv AvRI KwVb| †m Kvi‡YB RmxgD``x‡bi mvn‡m cÖ_‡g Avgv‡`i evK¨ ‡_‡g hvq| KwVb Avwe®‹v‡ii wkjv cv‡qi Zjvq bv _vK‡j Ggb mvn‡mi Nvo gv_v Zzj‡Zv †Kv_vq? iex›`ªbv‡_i GwjUvbv I cÖwZwµqvkxjZv ivRvi `yUv bZzb Rvgvi gZb| ï× wkï Avi Kwe RmxgD``xb Qvov mvwn‡Z¨ G mZ¨ †K Avi Gfv‡e ej‡eb ‡MŠoe‡½? ÒgvB‡Kj Zvunvi Kv‡e¨I ms¯‹……Z kãm¤¢vi I †`¨vZbvi m‡½ A‡bK PjwZ evsjv kã e¨envi KwiqvwQ‡jb| iex›`ªKv‡e¨ Zvnvi mÜvb cvIqv hvq bv|Ó (RmxgD`&`xb 1990: 87)

civaxb evsjvq GwjUvbv Avi wnu`yqvbv GKvbœeZ©x - nq‡Zv G K_v ejvB b¨vq| ZvB evsjvi BwZnvm  wjL‡Z co†Z Qv·`i eo gykwKj N‡U | RmxgD``xb Kwe¸i“‡K bKkx Kvu_vi gvV Avi ivLvjx ‡Zvndv w`‡jb| Kwe¸i“ ej‡jb: ÒAvgvi g‡b n‡”Q Zzwg evsjv‡`‡ki Pvlx gymjgvb‡`i wel‡q wj‡LQ| †Zvgvi eB Avwg coe|Ó c‡o RmxgD``xb‡K wb‡Ri Avkª‡g _vKv LvIqvi `vIqvZI w`‡q em‡jb wZwb | wKš‘ evjyPi c‡o Kwei gb g‡R bvB| evjyPi eB‡qi GK KweZvi bvg Kvj †m Avwm‡e| P‡ii evwji gZb PLvPwLi K_v”Q‡j GK Avajv gvby‡li †cÖgfve, msmv‡ii Afve AbU‡bi ‡PvivPvjvbI †`Lv ‡Mj G †jLvq| Avc‡kvl Kvj †m Avwm‡e KweZvi gkûi c`vejx iex›`ªbv‡_i gb cvq bvB|

Kvj †m Avwm‡e, gyLLvwb Zvi bZzb P‡ii gZ

PLv Avi PLx big Wvbvq gyQv‡q w`‡q‡Q KZ|

P‡ii Pvlxi av‡bi †L‡Zi gZB Zvnvi Mv,

‡Kv_v ev njy`, AveQv njy`, †Kv_v ev njy` bv|

...

‡m wK IB P‡i `vuov‡q †`wL‡e eilvi Ziy¸wj,

kx‡Zi Zvcmx Kv‡i ev ¯§wi‡Q AvfiY Mvi Lywj?

nq Z †`wL‡e, nq †`wL‡e bv; Kvj †m Avwm‡e P‡i,

G cv‡i Avgvi fvOv NiLvwb, Avwg _vwK †mB N‡i|

(RmxgD``xb 1998: 63-64)

iweevey mZ¨ mZ¨ Kx e‡jwQ‡jb Rvbvi Dcvq bvB| weL¨vZ †Kvb wkl¨‡K hw` wek¦vm Kiv hvq, Z‡e g‡b nq ¸i“†`e H Pvuovwj‡Z wei³B n‡qwQ‡jb:  Ò†Zvgvi evjyPi co‡Z wM‡q eo V‡KwQ †n| evjyPi ej‡Z Avwg †Zvgv‡`i †`‡ki my`~i cÙvZx‡ii Pi¸wji my›`i KweZ¡c~Y© eY©bv Avkv K‡iwQjvg| ‡Kgb PLvPwL D‡o †eovq, Kvkdz‡ji ¸”Q¸wj evZvm Dwo‡q wb‡q hvq| wKš‘ KZK¸wj †cÖ‡gi KweZv w`‡q Zzwg eBLvbv‡K f‡i Zz‡jQ|Ó iex›`ªbv_I Rv‡bb G wePvi eo iƒpwePvi| ZvB GB wel‡q wKQy wjL‡jb bv| gy‡LB ej‡jb| (RmxgD`&`xb 1992: 15) iex›`ªbv‡_i mZZv Amvgvb¨| my›`i KweZ¡c~Y© eY©bvi gh©v`v Dovwbi Pi bv‡gi GKwU KweZv‡K wZwb w`‡qwQ‡jb| ciKv‡j|

Rmx‡gi mZZvI mvgvb¨ bq| evsjvq mv¤cÖ`vwqK eyw×i weKvk Avi we‡`wk kvmb GK bvU‡KiB Kzkxje G mZ¨I wZwb Avwe®‹vi K‡ib| †`kxq bvUwk‡íi K_v ejvi Q‡j Rmxg †j‡Lb: ÒBs‡iR Avg‡ji Av‡M evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ †Kvb mv¤cÖ`vwqKZv wQj bv| gvB‡Kj `xbeÜzi c‡i evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ mv¤cÖ`vwqKZvi exR Dß nq|Ó (RmxgD`&`xb 1990: 75) Gi wcQ‡b BsivR| AvaywbK BsivRx wkw¶Z hyeKw`‡Mi wn›`yü`q mvg‡b gvÎ| GB K_vi c‡¶ f~‡`e gy‡Lvcva¨v‡qi Dw³ Pqb Kiv P‡j| f~‡`eevey 1892 BsivwR mvj bvMv` wj‡LwQ‡jb:

A‡bK BsivR MÖš’Kvi, KLb ¯úóv¶v‡i, KLb Bw½Zµ‡g Aby¶YB ewjqv _v‡Kb †h gymjgv‡biv hLb †`‡k ivRv wQj, ZLb wn›`yw`‡Mi cÖwZ AK_¨ wbh©vZb mg¯— KwiqvwQj| BsivR MÖš’Kv‡iiv GBiƒ‡c wn›`yw`‡Mi g‡bvg‡a¨ gymjgvb w`‡Mi cÖwZ GKwU M~p we‡ØlexR ecb Kwiqv w`‡Z‡Qb| AvaywbK BsivRx wkw¶Z hyeKw`‡Mi ü`‡q gymjgvbRvwZ Ges gymjgvb a‡g©i cÖwZ hZUv we‡Øl †`Lv w`qv‡Q , c~e©Kv‡ji cvim¨fvlvq mywkw¶Z, m`vPvi m¤úbœ m`&eªvþYw`‡MiI g‡b Zvnvi Aa©vsk †`Lv hvBZ bv|Ó (f~‡`e 1981:14)

iex›`ªbv_ Amv¤cÖ`vwqK mvwn‡Z¨i wfZ ‰Zqvi K‡ib e‡U, Z‡e Zv‡ZI mv¤cÖ`vwqKZvi Dcv`vb dzivq bvB|  (RmxgD`&`xb 1990: 75) RmxgD``xb GKUv e¨vL¨v w`‡q‡Qb GB NUbvi| iex›`ªbv_ civaxb †`‡ki †Mvjvg †jLK e‡jB mv¤cÖ`vwqK g‡bvfve Qv‡ob bvB, GB ivq Rmxg cÖwZfvi Ag„Z| RmxgD`&`xb e‡jb, iex›`ªbv_ mv¤cÖ`vwqKZvi Avo‡gvov fv½‡Z cv‡ib bvB Zvui AwZkq B‡qvcivqYZvi †`v‡l| iex›`ªbv†_i †`Lvi †PvL weRvZxq, we‡kl B‡qv‡ivcxq, Avgv‡`i mg‡qi fvlvq ej‡j ejv P‡j B‡qv‡ivcxq Awi‡q‡›Uvcxq| iex›`ªbv_ GKv bb, civaxbZvi mv‡_ AvaywbKZv ¸wj‡q†Qb †gjv †jLK| GB †Mv‡ji nwi‡evj AvR eis †ewk †ZwRqvb| RmxgD`&`xb iex›`ªbv‡_i cÖvY †fvgivq GKnvZ w`‡q‡Qb:

Ggb wK G‡`‡ki kxZ, kir cªf„wZ FZz‡K wZwb eY©bv Kwi‡jb BD‡ivcevmxi gZ Kwiqv| evOjvi kxZ, G ‡`‡ki emš—, BD‡iv‡ci gZ kxZ-eyox bq| ki‡Zi i½I cwic~Y©Zvi iƒc jBqv G‡`‡k †`Lv †`q bv| G‡`‡ki †jvK hv fvjev‡m ev cQ›` K‡i, Zv cvðv‡Z¨ cwoqv iwnj| G †`‡ki hv wKQy Bs‡iR‡`i `„wó AvKl©Y Kwi‡Z cv‡i, Zvnv jBqv wZwb cmiv mvRvB‡jb| G‡`‡ki me fvj jBqv Kwe cvðv‡Z¨i iƒwP e`jvB‡Z †Póv Kwi‡jb bv| nqZ GB Kvi‡Y Kwe Zvi m„wóKv‡h©i wfZi w`qv †hB K_v ewj‡Z Pvwnqv‡Qb ... †`kevmx Kwe‡K jBqv †MŠie Kwiqv‡Q; Zuvi Kv‡e¨i imavivI nqZ cvb Kwiqv‡Q ; wKš‘ Zuvi gZev`‡K MªnY K‡i bvB| (RmxgD`&`xb 1990:74-75) 

mv¤cÖ`vwqKZvi wei“‡× Avgv‡`i eo Kwei mvwnZ¨ ‡QvU, mvaviY I `vqmviv ai‡Yi, fvmv fvmv †gNjv Pwi‡Îi| KviY wZwb evsjvi cÖvY ai‡Z †c‡i‡Qb e‡j g‡b nq bv| iex›`ªbv_ ev½vwj bb, G mZ¨ RmxgD``xb ai‡Z †c‡i‡Qb wVKB| ïb‡Z Lvivc jvM‡Q | Z‡e dwi`cyix PÛv‡ji wePvi Avg~j AmZ¨ bq: Òiex›`ªbv_ hw` cÖ_‡g evOvwj Kwe nB‡Zb, evOjvi kZ mgm¨v, kZ ms¯‹vi I K~cgÛyKZvcw¼j Rjavivi g‡a¨ Zvunvi mvwn‡Z¨i kZ`jwU †gwjqv awi‡Z cvwi‡Zb, Z‡e nqZ Zvui me mvwnZ¨ wek¦mvwnZ¨ nBZ bv; wKš—z Zvui †`kevmxiv weMZ hy‡Mi mv¤cÖ`vwqKZvi nvZ nB‡Z i¶v cvBZ|Ó (RmxgD`&`xb 1990: 75)

Dwbk ‡kv cÂv‡ki `k‡Ki †klw`‡K cvwK¯—vb †jLK m‡¤§j‡bi cÖ_g w`‡bi Awa‡ek‡b mfvcwZi fvlY †`b RmxgD`&`xb| ‡mB fvl‡YI wZwb Dw³ Ki‡jb:

we‡`kx fvlv I mvwn‡Z¨i AbyKiY I AbymiY Kivq Avgv‡`i wn›`y-e½ GZUv AMÖmi nBqvwQ‡jb †h, GKKv‡j Ò†nvqvU †e½j w_sKm Uz‡W BwÛqv w_sKm Uz‡gv‡ivÓ GB evYx me©fviZ ¯^xKvi Kwiqv jBqvwQj| wKš‘ civYyKi‡Yi ‡RŠjym †ekxw`b wUKvBqv ivLv hvq bv| AvR †h Rxeb msMÖv‡g ev½vwj µ‡gB wcQvBqv cwo‡Z‡Q Zvnvi KviY nq‡Zv wb‡Ri  K…wó I ‡UªwWkb‡K ev` w`qv ev½vwj we‡`kx fveaviv Avwbqv wb‡R‡K eo  Kwi‡Z PvwnqvwQj| †`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i c~e©myix‡`i c_ nB‡Z wew”Qbœ nBqv ev½vwj †h mvwnZ¨ iPbv Kwij, Zvnv‡K we‡`kxI Avš—R©vwZK ewjqv MÖnY Kwij bv | †`‡ki Avcvgi RbmvaviY I Zvnvi wbR¯^ m¤ú` ewjqv ¯^xKvi Kwij bv| PÛx`vm, we`¨vcwZ, †Mvwe›``vm, gyKz›`ivg †mKv‡ji QvcvLvbvewR©Z †`‡k hZUv †jvK¯^xK…wZ cvBqvwQ‡jb G Kv‡ji Kq Rb AvaywbK ev½vwj †jLK ZZUv †jvKwcÖqZv jvf Kwiqv‡Qb ?

(RmxgDÏxb 2001: 45; gvwmK †gvnv¤§`x, dvêyb 1365)

RmxgDÏxb g‡b K‡ib: ÒMvwje, nvwdR, RjÜwi I ‡Rvgv - G‡`i KweZv Bs‡iwRwkw¶Z Kwe BKev‡ji KweZvi PvB‡Z RbwcÖq, bRi“j Bmjv‡gi KweZv iex›`ªbv‡_i PvB‡Z RbwcÖq|Ó (RmxgDÏxb 2001: 45) ‡Kb? Gi Reve AvRI †jLv nq bvB| whwb wjL‡eb, RmxgD``xb e‡jb, Ònq‡Zv Avgvi m¤§y‡LB wZwb ewmqv Av‡Qb|Ó

3

evsjv‡`‡k cvwK¯—vb Rgvbvi †k‡li w`‡K gymjgvb MfY©i †gvbv‡qg Lvu mv‡n‡ei AvÁvq,  Bmjvgx Av`‡k©i we‡ivax GB ARynv‡Z, iƒcevb hvÎvi Awfbq wb‡la Kiv nq| RmxgD``xb GB wb‡l‡ai Amxg we‡ivwaZv K‡ib| GB wb‡la‡K wZwb ‡`‡ki ÕAwZ eo ¶wZÕ e‡j mbv³ K‡ib| Kwei hyw³, Bmjv‡gi bv‡g Avb›` Abyôvb eÜ Kiv AwePv‡ii KvR| wZwb wjL‡jb:

wKš‘ Bmjvg wK mg_©b K‡i Avi wK mg_©b K‡i bv †m wel‡q Avgv‡`i Av‡jg mgv‡Ri g‡a¨I gZwe‡iva Av‡Q| GK`j gvIjvbv Mvb MvIqv, evRbv evRvb, RxeRš‘i Qwe AvuKv I b„Z¨Kjv cÖ`k©b Kiv‡K nvivg ewjqv d‡Zvqv w`qv _v‡Kb| Zvnv‡`i g‡Z Pwj‡Z †M‡j wkíx Rqbyj Av‡e`x‡bi AvU© Bbw÷wUDU, eyjeyj jwjZKjv Ges wewfbœ m½xZ wk¶vjq¸wj wPiw`‡bi g‡Zv eÜ Kwiqv w`‡Z nq| GB me †bZ…ag©x †gvj­v‡`i cªfv‡e Avgv‡`i ev½vwj gymwjg mgvR mvwnZ¨, wkíKjvq KZ wcQ‡b cwoqv Av‡Q GLbI wK Zvnv fvweqv †`wLevi mgq Av‡m bvB?

 (RmxgD``xb 1990: 39)

G †`‡k wn›`y gymjgvb cvkvcvwk evm K‡i| Zviv nq‡Zv G‡Ki Kvwnbx wKwÂr e`j K‡i Ac‡i jq| wb‡ZB cv‡i| RmxgD``xb G‡Z †`v‡li wKQy †`‡Lb bv| Kwe e‡jb:

nqZ KvÂbgvjv bv‡gB GB (iƒcevb) Kvwnbx cwiwPZ wQj | gymjgvb iPK‡`i nv‡Z cwoqv Bnvi bvwqKv iƒcevb Kb¨v bv‡g cwiwPZ nBqv‡Q| †hgb †mvbvfvb †mvgZ©evb cÖf„wZ gymjgvbx iƒcK_vi bvwqKv‡`i bvg †Zgwb iƒcevb bvgKiY| iƒcevb A_© †jvevbI nB‡Z cv‡i| hvnvi Mv‡qi myevm †jvev‡bi gZ| GgbI nB‡Z cv‡i iƒcevb Kb¨vi Kvwnbx nqZ †Kvb gymjgvb MÖvg¨ iPbvKvix cÖ_g Zvnvi †kªvZvw`M‡K ïbvBqvwQj| Zvnvi ci eû MíKvi‡Ki gy‡L gy‡L GB Kvwnbx Nywiqv Nywiqv mg¯— evOvjxi N‡i cÖ‡ek KwiqvwQj| cieZ©xKv‡j †Kvb wn›`y MíKvi‡Ki nv‡Z cwoqv iƒcevb Kb¨v KvÂbgvjvq iƒcvš—wiZ nBqv‡Q|

           (RmxgD``xb 1990: 45)

RmxgD``xb iƒcevb hvÎvq Bmjv‡gi Av`k© ¶zbœ nq Ggb wKQy †`‡Lb bvB| GB hvÎvi Av`k© GKwbô †cÖg| Ggb †cÖg evsjv‡`‡ki Pvlx Rxe‡bi ˆbwgwËK wRwbm, RvZxq cyivY Kvwnbxi Askx`vi:

G †h †eûjvi †`k - giv cwZ‡K Kjvi †fjvq jBqv MswKbx b`x‡Z †h †m GLbI fvwmqv †eovB‡Z‡Q| G †h mwLbvi †`k, †mvbvB wewei †`k, ewbqvP‡½i wbf„Z Kei¯’v‡b AvR Zvnviv NygvBqv bvB| MvRxi Mv‡b, MÖvg¨ hvÎvi Avm‡i Zvnviv Rxeš— nBqv Zvnv‡`i gwnqmx Rxe‡bi mKj Kvwnbx Awfbq Kwiqv hvB‡Z‡Q|

           (RmxgD``xb 1990: 48)

Av‡iKevi Aviex ni‡d evsjv †jLvi digvb Rvwi K‡ib †K›`ªxq cvwK¯—vb miKvi| Kwe RlxgD``xb mv‡ne ej‡jb: ÒGKUv RvwZi fvM¨ jBqv GZeo wQwbwgwb †Ljvi `„óvš— c„w_exi BwZnv‡m K¡wPr †`Lv hvq|Ó evsjv fvlv Aviex ni‡d †jLv n‡j Avi‡ei †Kvb jvf bvB wKš‘ evsjvi A‡bK ¶wZ| Kwe mv‡ne mvd mvd Rvwb‡q w`‡jb: †K›`ªxq cvwK¯—vb miKv†ii nid e`‡ji ûKzg ÒevOvjx gymjgvb mn‡R gv_v cvwZqv MªnY Kwi‡e bv|Ó (RmxgD``xb 1990: 102-3)

miKvwi hyw³i gyLcvÎ e‡jwQ‡jb, evsjv fvlvq Aviex nid Pvjy Ki†j `ywbqvi mg¯— gymwjg iv‡óªi m‡½ GK n‡Z cvwK¯—v†bi myweav nq| G hyw³ ev½vwj Kwe Mv‡q gv‡Lb bvB| wZwb ej‡jb: ÒD`©yfvlv Kg‡m Kg Aviex ni‡d wjwLZ nq wKš‘ wgm‡ii KqRb gymjgvb D`©yfvlvi †LvuR iv‡L! fvlv Zvi cÖv‡`wkKZvi MwÛ cvi nBqv hvB‡Z cv‡i Zvi cÖwZfvi †Rv‡i| †kKmcxqv‡ii fvlv Rvwbevi Rb¨ RM‡Zi imwccvmyiv wPiKvjB BsivRx fvlv wk¶v Kwi‡e|Ó (RmxgD``xb 1990: 104) 

Avgv‡`i GKUv mvwnZ¨ Av‡Q| †m mvwnZ¨ ÕfviZ I cvwK¯—v‡bi me©‡kªô mvwnZ¨Õ| RmxgD``xb ej‡jb: ÒAvgv‡`i c~e© cvwK¯—vb nB‡Z evsjv nid‡K we`vq w`‡j GK wb‡g‡li g‡a¨ Avgv‡`i bqb c_ nB‡Z evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i GKUv weivU Ask gywQqv hvB‡e|Ó wÎKvj`k©x RmxgD``x‡bi K_vi mvigg© hw` Avgiv fyj ey‡S bv _vwK, wZwb ej‡jb, evsjv ni‡d evsjv wj‡LB ‡Zv evOvjx gymjgvb cvwK¯—vb G‡bwQj| Bsiv‡Ri wei“‡× ¯^vaxbZvi hy‡× †m eûw`b BsivwR ‡P‡LI †`‡L bvB, a‡iI †`‡L bvB& | GgbB †R` evOvjx gymjgv‡bi| fvi‡Zi g‡a¨ Áv‡b, ¸‡Y, we`¨vq Mixqvb evOvjx wn›`y| evOvjx gymjgvb GB evOvjx wn›`yi m‡½ j‡o‡Q wKš‘ evsjv Qv‡o bvB| †Zv ‡m cvwK¯—v‡b G‡m evsjv nid Qvo‡e ‡Kvb `yt†L? wZwb wjL‡jb: ÒKwei `„wó hw` my`~icÖmvix nq Z‡e ZvnviB e‡j Avwg fwel¨ØvYx Kwi‡ZwQ, G Awfhvb †Kvbw`bB mv_©©K nB‡e bv, KviY G Awfhvb gvby‡li AMÖhvÎvi Awfhvb bq| G Awfhvb GKUv weivU RbmsL¨v‡K GKUv ¶z`ª  RbmsL¨vi `v‡m cwiYZ Kivi Awfhvb|Ó(RmxgD``xb 1990: 107)

4

A‡b‡Ki ms¯‹vi Avgv‡`i ‡`k ¯^vaxb| civaxbZvi hyM †kl | K_vUv mZ¨ n‡j fv‡jv n‡Zv| n‡q‡QB hw` Z‡e wR‡Ám Kiv †Kb, ¯^vaxb †Kvb A‡_©?  beRvZ †cv÷K‡jvwbqvj evMavivwU GB ms¯‹v†iiB mš—vb| fvlvi iwmKcyi“l avivwU cwinvm A‡_© wb‡q‡Qb| civaxbZv I AcivaxbZvi g‡a¨ ZdvZ wK?  Avgv‡`i civaxbZv kvLvq I cj­‡e †e‡o‡Q, AcivaxbZv n‡q‡Q| †cv÷K‡jvwbqvj hyM gv‡b `vuwo‡q‡Q A-civaxbZvi hyM bq, Aci-AaxbZvi hyM| bv K‡jvwbqvj Wv‡Ki hyM? G Avevi †Kgb PxR? Av‡gwiKvi abx e¨emvqx‡`i †ePv evsjv‡`kx gy”Qywχ`i †Kbv‡ePv †Kvb †Kvb av‡bi g‡Zv GB Px‡R Z³v nq‡Zv nq, exR nq bv| G Px‡Ri Lei Kwe RmxgD``xb wb‡R fv‡jv ivL‡Zb, Avgv‡`iI gv‡S mv‡S w`‡Zb| 1951 mv‡ji GK †jLvq Kwe mv‡ne e‡j‡Qb: ÒBsiv‡Ri cvVkvjvq cwoqv MZ Ebwesk I wesk kZvãx‡Z Zvnvi †MŠi‡e Avgiv wek¦mvwnZ¨ mfvq ¯’vb jvf KwiqvwQ| wKš‘ †`‡ki gvwUi m‡½ GB mvwn‡Z¨i KZUv †hvM Av‡Q †m wel‡q cÖkœ Kiv hvB‡Z cv‡i| g~jnxb ciMvQvi gZ GB mvwn‡Z¨i imaviv †h AKv‡j ïKvBqv hvB‡e bv Zvnv †K ewj‡e?Ó (RmxgDÏxb 1990: 34)

wfb‡`wk mvwnZ¨ gv‡bB Lvivc mvwnZ¨ Ggb ms¯‹vi Aek¨ RmxgD``x‡b bvB| Bsiv‡Ri Zzjbvq divwm†`i mvwnZ¨ fv‡jv KviY Avgv‡`i c~e©Kv‡ji †`wk mvwn‡Z¨i m‡½ divwk i“wPi wgj †ewk| RmxgD``xb e‡jb: ÒAvR Bsiv‡Ri Kv‡Q i“wPÁvb wk¶v Kwiqv Avgiv Avgv‡`i AZxZ Rxe‡bi imaviv nB‡Z wew”Qbœ nBqv cwoqvwQ|Ó

Zi“‡Yiv ZK© K‡ib, RmxgD``x‡bi jvB‡b Avgiv wK Avevi wdievi cvi‡ev? Avgiv Kwn wdi‡bi `iKviB ev wK? mvg‡b AvMvB‡jB †Zv nq| GLb †Lv`vB Ki‡jB nq| Dwbk kZ‡Ki Av‡gwiKvi Kwe Iqvë ûBUg¨v‡bi (1819-1892) bv‡g †m ‡`‡kiB ciKv‡ji Kwe GRiv cvDÛ (1885-1972) GK KweZvq e‡jwQ‡jb:

 ZiZvRv MvQ ‡K‡UQ Z ZzwgB,

Avgv‡`i †Lv`vB ïi“i cvjv |

ûBUg¨v‡bi m‡½ RmxgD``x‡bi Zzjbv KvUv Avgv‡`i eZ©gvb KZ©‡e¨i Ask bq| Z‡e ej‡Z †`vl wK ûBUg¨vb  ‡h A‡_© Av‡gwiKvi, RmxgD``xbI †m A‡_© Gwkqvi, wbR †`‡ki, RvZxq Kwe| hv‡`i nv‡Z †`‡ki RbM‡Yi A_ev RvZxq mvwn‡Z¨i Lwo bvB RmxgD``x‡bi AvZ¥xqZvq, UvKv cvD†Ûi †jb‡`‡b, Zv‡`iI g‡b nq gybvdv n‡e| cvD‡Ûi KweZvwU AvqZ‡b gnv bq| m‡½i evsjvUv KvPv Kiv| ïi“ †nvK bv Avgv‡`i ‡jbv Avi †`bv|

A Pact

     I make a pact with you, Walt Whitman --

            I have detested you long enough.

            I come to you as a grown child

            Who has had a pig-headed father;

            I am old enough now to make friends.

            It was you that broke the new wood,

            Now is a time for carving.

            We have one sap and one root --

            Let there be commerce between us.

(cvDÛ 1384:4)

           Pzw³

     GB, Iqvë ûBUg¨vb, Pzw³ ‡nvK †Zvgv‡Z Avgv‡Z,

†Zvgv‡K w`‡qwQ _yZy †gjvw`b, GZw`‡b wgwUj Z mva |

ïq‡ii gZb ‡Mvuqvi evRv‡bi Kv‡Q 

GKw`b ‡d‡i ‡Q‡j mvevjK, AvwgI wdiwQ      

     GLb eqm Avgvi wgZvwj cvZvi |

ZiZvRv MvQ ‡K‡UQ Z ZzwgB,

Avgv‡`i †Lv`vB ïi“i cvjv |

GKB i‡mi aviv Avgv‡`i, g~jI GK ‡Pbv--

ïi“ †nvK bv Avgv‡`i ‡jbv Avi †`bv|

Abygvb Kwi Avgv‡`i †Kvb mvevjK KweI GKw`b KwewcZv RmxgD``xb mKv‡k †Zgb wKQy GKUv ej‡eb| RmxgD``x‡bi m‡½, RvZxq mvwn‡Z¨i Qwn eo avivi j‡M, †jbv‡`bvq gybvdv Av‡Q Rvb‡jB bv †mB e¨emv n‡e| evsjv bv nq B‡qv‡iv‡ci wØZxq †kªYxi cÖ_g mvwnZ¨ bvB ev n†jv, Gwkqvi cÖ_g †kªYxi ‡kl mvwnZ¨ ‡Zv n‡e |

XvKv| 10†cŠl

‡`vnvB

1   Akxb `vk¸ß (2001) cÖeÜ mgMÖ, Dgv `vk¸ß m¤úvw`Z, KjKvZv: Avb›` cvewjkvm©|

2         Avï‡Zvl gy‡Lvcva¨vq (1995) RvZxq mvwnZ¨, gvaevb›` fÆvPvh© m¤úvw`Z, KwjKvZv: †` eyK †÷vi; cÖ_g cÖKvk, 1932| 

3   GRiv cvDÛ (1384) GRiv cvD‡Ûi wbe©vwPZ KweZv, mykxjKzgvi `vk¸ß Ab~w`Z I m¤úvw`Z, KjKvZv: iƒcv|

4   L‡M›`ªbv_ wgÎ (2001) Òe½ mvwn‡Z¨i iPbvbxwZÓ, Avb›`evRvi cwÎKv msKwjZ, Avb›`m½x 1: cÖeÜ, KwjKvZv: Avb›` cvewjkvm©; cÖ_g cÖKvk 1936|

5   RmxgD``xb (1990) RmxgD``x‡bi cªeÜmg~n, 1g LÛ, XvKv: cjvk cÖKvkbx|

6   RmxgD``xb (2001) RmxgD``x‡bi cªeÜmg~n, 2q LÛ, XvKv: cjvk cÖKvkbx|

7   RmxgD``xb (1998) myPqbx: RmxgD``x‡bi wbev©wPZ KweZv, XvKv: cjvk cÖKvkbx|

8   RmxgD``xb (1992) VvKzievwoi AvwObvq, XvKv: cjvk cÖKvkbx|

9                   RmxgD``xb (1976) RxebK_v, 3q gy`ªY, XvKv: cjvk cÖKvkbx; cÖ_g cÖKvk, 1964|

10             f~‡`e gy‡Lvcva¨vq (1981) mvgvwRK cÖeÜ, RvýexKzgvi PKªeZ©x m¤úvw`Z, KwjKvZv: cwðge½ ivR¨ cy¯—K cl©`; cÖ_g cÖKvk, 1892|

11   iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi (1391) evsjv kãZË¡, 3q ms¯‹iY, KwjKvZv: wek¦fviZx|

12   ivg‡gvnb ivq (1364) ivg‡gvnb MÖš’vejx, 1g-7g LÛ, eª‡R›`ªbv_ e‡›`vcva¨vq I kªxmRbxKvš— `vm m¤úvw`Z, KwjKvZv: e½xq mvwnZ¨ cwil`, 1380|

13   mwjgyj­vn Lvb (2003) ÕRmxgD``x‡bi evsjvÕ, ivóªmfv cÎgvjv: 3q msL¨v, XvKv: Avng` Qdv ivóªmfv; Ges kZe‡l© RmxgD``xb, bvwmi Avjx gvgyb m¤úvw`Z, dwi`cyi: dwi`cyi mvwnZ¨ cwil`|

14         Michel Foucault (1972) The Archeology of Knowledge and the Discourse on Language, A.M. Sheridan Smith tr., New York: Pantheon Books.

15         J.C. Ghosh (1976) Bengali Literature, reprint ed. London: Curzon Press; first edition 1948.

iex›`ªbv‡_i m‡½ cÎ AwZ-wewbgq

mv¾v` Avn‡g`

[iex›`ªbv_‡K GB wPwVi ReveUv 78 eQi ci †jLv| wPwVi †¶‡Î GK RxebKv‡ji AwaK| hw`I wPwVi ReveUv Avgvi Kv‡Q †cuŠQzevi `yB w`‡bi gv_vq iwPZ| wPwVUv †hb nvwi‡q †MwQj ga¨Lv‡b A‡bK¸‡jv eQi| D‡j­L¨ wPwVUv kªxgwZ ˆg‡Îqx †`ex‡KB †jLv, A_P Avcwb wK ey‡K nvZ w`‡q ej‡Z cvi‡eb †h Zvi GKLvwb Kwc Avwg cvB wb (`ª. ¯^‡M©i KvQvKvwQ- kªxgwZ ˆg‡Îqx †`ex)| †mB †_‡K Rev‡ei `vqUv| Av‡iv GR‡b¨ †h GB wPwVi wjwLZ †Kv‡bv Reve Avgv‡`i Rvbv g‡Z †bB|]

Iu

Kj¨vYxqvmy,                                                 kvwš—wb‡KZb

     ‡h wRwblUv we‡kl Ae¯’vq Aš—‡ii g‡a¨ Dcjwä Kwi †mUv Z‡K©i welq bq| †mUv‡K †h e¨vL¨v K‡i eywS‡q w`‡Z cvie Ggb Avkv Kwi‡b| eywS‡q w`‡jI †mUv e¨env‡i Avm‡Z cvi‡e wKbv ZvI Rvwb‡b| Zey Zzwg cÖkœ K‡iP e‡j K_vUv e‡j wbB|

     c„w_exi GKUv MwZ Av‡Q m~‡h©i Pvwiw`‡K, ‡mB MwZ‡Z †m mg¯— †mŠi MÖ‡ni m‡½ GK gnv cÖ`w¶‡Y wgwjZ, Avi GKwU MwZ Av‡Q †mwU Zvi wb‡Ri Pvwiw`‡K †mBwU‡Z Zvi wb‡RiB w`b ivwÎi Av‡jv I AÜKv‡ii AveZ©b Pj‡P| Zvi †QvU MwZUvI Zvi eo MwZi m‡½B m½Z| Zvi K¶ †K›`ªw¯’Z gnv‡R¨vwZ‡®‹iB AvKl©‡Y| e¯‘Z †m †hb Zvi AvZ¥cÖ`w¶Y‡KB DrmM© Ki‡P Zvi eo cÖ`w¶‡Yi Kv‡Q| Zvi eo cÖ`w¶‡YiB A¶gvjvi 365 ¸wU n‡”P Zvi †QvU AveZ©b| c„w_exi GB `yB MwZi mvgb&Ám¨ cÖK…wZi mbvZb wbq‡g evuav n‡q †M‡Q| wKš‘ gvbyl‡K wb‡Ri B”QvK…Z mvabvq †eu‡a wb‡Z nq| hLb †m Avcb `ytL my‡Li, Av‡jv AÜKv‡ii †`vjv‡KB GKvš— K‡i Rv‡b ZLb Zvi †mB mb&KxY© RxebhvÎvi jvf¶wZ DrKU n‡q D‡V m‡Z¨i Q›`‡K nvivq| GB R‡b¨B wb‡Ri hvÎvc‡_i †K›`ª¯’‡j wbiš—i wb‡R‡KB bv †`‡L gvbyl hw` cig †R¨vwZ‡K †`L‡Z cvq, Zvn‡j Zvi AvZ¥AveZ©b cÖwZw`bB wb‡R‡K AwZµg K‡i Pj‡Z cv‡i| ZviB g‡a¨ e× n‡q †m wbi_©K nq bv|

     `~‡i Avbvi gv‡b eR©b Kiv bq| Avgvi g‡b weky× my‡ii GKwU Av`k© Av‡Q, †mB Av`k©wU bv _vK‡j Avgvi c‡¶ m½x‡Zi †Kv‡bv A_©B _v‡K bv| wKš‘ †mB Av`k© hw` †Kej g‡bB _v‡K Zvn‡jI Zv‡K m½xZ ejv P‡j bv| GB R‡b¨ exYvi Zv‡i hLb myi †b‡g hvq ZLb exYv‡K eR©b Kivi ØvivB Avgiv m½x‡Zi weïw× jvf Kievi Avkv Kwi‡b- a¨vbw¯’Z my‡ii weï× Av`‡k©i m‡½ wgwj‡q exYvi myi evua‡j Z‡eB m½xZ m¤ú~Y© n‡Z cv‡i| †mB Av`k© myi m½x‡Zi aª“e m‡Z¨ AvwkªZ, Zv‡K wk¶vq mvabvq Avgiv Aš—‡i cÖwZwôZ ‡`wL| wK›Zz Zvic‡i †mB Dcjwä‡K Mvb MvIqv Øviv cÖKvk Ki‡Z _vK‡j Z‡eB `y‡qi †hv‡M m½x‡Zi m„wó n‡Z _v‡K| Aš—‡i hw` Dcjwä weï× bv nq Z‡e †emy‡ii eÜbRvj wefxwlKv n‡q I‡V| exYvi Zv‡i eÜb‡K ¯^xKvi Kwi| wKš‘ †mB e܇bi g‡a¨B gyw³i Avwef©ve nq weï× my‡ii Avb‡›`| Rxe‡b hLb †`wL KK©kZv ZLb cvwj‡q †mUv‡K cwinvi Kievi B”Qv ev‡i ev‡i wbõj nq ZLb Aš—‡ii g‡a¨ †mB mZ¨‡K weï×fv‡e Dcjwä Ki‡Z nq hvi g‡a¨ kvwš— hvi g‡a¨ Kj¨vY| evB‡ii †emyi †_‡K Aš—‡ii g‡a¨ `~‡i Avm‡Z nq wKš‘ evB‡ii myi‡KB †gjvevi Rb¨ †mB myi hLb †g‡j ZLb GKB Kv‡j `~i I wbK‡Ui mvgb&Ám¨ N‡U ZLb ZÏ~‡i Zw`nwš—‡K P|

     me K_v †evSvevi kw³ †bB, †evSevi kw³I †h Av‡Q ZvI bq| g‡b n‡”Q †Zvgv‡K wj‡LwQjyg Avwg Avcbvi †_‡K `~‡i hvevi c‡_ hvÎv K‡iwP; †mB K_vUv‡K `y‡eŸv©a K‡i ivLe bv e‡j GB wPwVLvbv wj‡LwQjyg| wKš‘ GB Av‡jvPbv AbymiY K‡i Av‡iv A‡bK wPwV wjL‡Z cvie Ggb Avkv Kwi †b- †Kb bv KvR we¯—i| A_P bvbv e¨vNv‡Z †Kvb KvRB †hb †kl n‡Z Pvq bv| bvbv cÖKvi Avkcv‡ki Kv‡Ri m~‡Î wbieKv‡ki Rvj AZ¨š— RwUj n‡q DV‡j Avmj KvR¸‡jv wK¬ó n‡q wcó n‡q weK…Z nevi Avkb&Kv N‡U| BwZ 16 b‡f¤^i 1929

                                                kªxiex›`ªbv_ VvKzi|

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`xN© hvcbvi eÜze‡ily,                                               DËiv, XvKv

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                                                     mv¾v` Avn‡g`|     

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2\

wbe©vwPZ cÎvsk|

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Ô... evuwki evavi wfZi w`‡q evZvm hLb P‡j ZLb aŸwb Rv‡M| Z‡Ui mxgvi †fZi w`‡q Rj hLb P‡j ZLb Zvi KjMvb- wPiw`b evavi gvSLvb w`‡q Avgv‡K Pj‡Z n‡q‡Q, †mB Pjv‡ZB Avgvi myi| Pj‡Z wM‡q fyjI nq iv¯—v hvq †eu‡K, S‡o Av‡jv hvq wb‡e LiZv‡c c‡_i c_¨ hvq ïwK‡q| av°v hLb LvB, Zvc hLb Amn¨ nq, ZLwb LyuR‡Z †ei nB Aš—‡ii g‡a¨|... BwZ 3 wW‡m¤^i 1929 ïfvKv¶x kªxiex›`ªbv_ VvKziÕ|

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Monirul Islam: A poet of canvas

TAKIR HOSSAIN

Monirul Islam, the very renowned Bangladeshi artist based in Madrid, Spain has come to Dhaka this year bringing with him all the flavour and the fervour of the blazing 60s of the 20th century, when he reigned supreme in our art milieu. During the 60s decade, among the number of outstanding painters who flourished in Bangladesh, Monirul Islam shone radiantly because of his remarkable originality in style and presentation. Intensely taken up with subtly experimentation, his quest for fresh techniques and forms has led him to explore novel approaches. It is this inclination, which has helped him to hold his position consistently in the forefront of the Bangladesh art scenario.

Monir as an artist, is easily recognised as he can translate life's diverse dimensions with his singular style, techniques and innovations into captivating works, where colours, lines, textures and forms blend in synchronisation. His works generally see a preponderance of mixed media, oil and acrylic. Monir's paintings are marked by the use of, at times, almost conflicting colours, but which nevertheless maintain a decorous juxtaposition as well as sensitivity of texture. There is also the veritable genteel touch of elegance ion his brush lines and the occasional livening collage ventures. Controlling his medium and technique with consummate mastery, he projects a special aesthetic and stylistic uniqueness. Monir works speak to us in an intimate voice about our childhood about the favourite chapters of our life built upon on the daily human bouts of joy, pain and boundless endeavours. The result is display of art centring on nature, human relationship and the meaning of life.

Derived from the natural world, the delicacy of his lines and the mind-boggling colours, is found to have evolved today into a more traditional style where gripping vivid abstractions weave stark realistic punctuation. The artist likes to work with different geometric forms, transforming them amazingly into tangible expressions of art. Right now that seems to be one of the prime characteristic in his works. An adorer of Nature, Monir tries to replicate Nature's colour synchronisation in his works according to the language of the Third Millennium. The space that is found to adorn his works is hierarchical in that the most important forms take precedence by position rather than by perspective, resulting in abstract relationships. Monir's enhanced use of the romantic background matched by sensual colours and remarkable themes turn the paintings with their abstractions of landscape, and the transparency of the mixed-media technique into sheer masterpieces of art. In his compositions, Monir uses little doodles, sharp lines, dots, tiny motifs and a lot of symbol.

From the beginning of his career after settling in Spain, he has been using paper as medium. This happened after his discovery that paper is something very mysterious for him. It enables him to place the complexities of life before the viewers with a different appeal from a different angle. Now he makes his own paper (hand made paper) for it provides the exact mysterious feel that has inspired him to work with it in the first place.

From the beginning of Monir's sojourn in Spain, he did many watercolors, which primarily focus on the unparalleled beauty of Nature. In the late sixties, Monir emerged as an accomplished watercolourist, with studies mostly of life on land and water. Before1969 - the day he left for Spain on a scholarship to study traditional mural - Monir was very much into painting, both oil and watercolour. Monir has done a few graphic works in Dhaka to get an idea of the method. Spain drew him into the enchanting world of etching and to which he later submerged his artistic faculty to gradually come out of his impressionistic tendencies and concentrate on different contemporary issues. That was a turning point in his life.

Over the last few years, whenever Monir visits Bangladesh, he uses as medium the folded paper that forms the base of the sweetmeat paper sacks. He came across this paper when on a visit to Chandpur. He started to think what the impact if he would use sweetmeat box as a medium. Then he started it and gradually, he has liked to work with this medium. He thought dirty paper provoked inspiration rather more than a piece of fresh white paper. He feels comfortable and this medium has been given him a pleasant feeling.

From his self-made niche in the art world of Madrid, Monir has gone on to win the most prestigious awards in Madrid, the Spanish National Grand Prize. A workaholic and charismatic character, Monir is always at work creating the off-beat with phenomenal improvisation and panache. By inventing new forms and exploring different themes, he has acquired a distinguished position in world art milieu.